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Table 4 Self-assessment of competencies on leadership: descriptive statistics for pretest, posttest, and learning gains and statistics for paired t tests

From: Is blended learning and problem-based learning course design suited to develop future public health leaders? An explorative European study

Leadership domain (topic of teaching)

M (SD)

pretest

M (SD) posttest

M (SD) gains

t

(df = 18)

p

Systems Thinking

2.28 (0.65)

3.26 (0.59)

0.98 (0.69)

6.21

.0000

Political Leadership

1.91 (0.83)

2.95 (0.75)

1.04 (0.56)

8.10

.0000

Inspiring and Motivating Others

2.29 (0.74)

3.15 (0.81)

0.86 (0.76)

4.92

.0001

Building and Leading Interdisciplinary Teams

2.49 (0.57)

3.21 (0.84)

0.72 (0.53)

5.84

.0000

Leadership and Effective Communication

2.59 (0.63)

3.11 (0.73)

0.51 (0.59)

3.79

.0013

Leading Change

2.17 (0.92)

2.89 (0.82)

0.73 (0.83)

3.82

.0013

Emotional Intelligence and Leadership in Teams

3.02 (0.84)

3.28 (0.74)

0.26 (0.96)

1.20

.25

Ethics and Professionalism

2.81 (0.89)

3.10 (0.82)

0.29 (0.94)

1.35

.20