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Table 2 Summary of research articles describing the health status of the early care and education workforce identified in a scoping review

From: The health status of the early care and education workforce in the USA: a scoping review of the evidence and current practice

Source (author, year)

Target population (n)

Methods

Health outcome(s) (measurement tool)

Becker et al., 2017 [12]

HS teachers (n = 1001) in Pennsylvania

Web-based survey of HS teachers in 37 Pennsylvania HS Programs.

- Depression (CES-D)

- Dispositional Mindfulness (CAMS-R)

- Workplace stress (JCQ)

Denham et al., 2017 [13]

Female lead teachers from both CCC and HS (n = 127) in a Mid Atlantic USA city

Web-based survey of female lead teachers at for-profit, faith-based, and university child care work settings, as well as HS programs.

- Child Care Worker Job Stress (CCW-JSI)

Figueroa and Wiley, 2016 [14]

FCC providers (n = 107) in a Midwestern USA city

Web-based or paper survey of licensed FCC providers recruited through local child care resource and referral agencies.

- Physical Activity (Go NAP SACC Physical Activity Self-Assessment)

Grant et al., 2016 [15]

CCC teachers (n = 1129) from all 50 states and Washington, DC

Paper survey of teachers from a national sample of ECE programs.

- General Stress (Perceived Stress Scale)

- Job-relate emotional exhaustion

Halloran et al., 2018 [16]

HS teachers (n = 85) in Rhode Island

Paper survey of HS teachers from 22 HS centers in Rhode Island.

- Fruit and vegetable intake (FVS)

Hibbs-Ship et al., 2015 [17]

HS staff (n = 154) in Colorado

Paper surveys of teaching, administrative, program, foodservice, and transportation staff at HS locations. 25 completed additional individual telephone interviews.

- Physical activity

- Diet

- Barriers to exercise

- Self-report of healthy lifestyle

Hindman and Bustamante, 2019 [18]

HS teachers (n = 362) in all 50 states and Washington, DC

Paper survey of HS teachers conducted twice within the same year, once in fall and spring.

- Depression (CES-D)

Jennings, 2015 [19]

Teachers from both CCC and HS (n = 35) in California

Web-based survey and follow up phone interview of 21 teachers working in privately funded independent preschools and 14 HS teachers.

- Depression (BDI)

- Burnout (MBI)

- Mindfulness (FFMQ)

Jeon et al., 2018 [20]

Teachers from CCC (n = 1129) in all 50 states

Mailed survey of preschool classroom teachers in CCC and public pre-kindergarten programs.

- Depression (CES-D)

- Stress (Perceived Stress Scale)

Jeon et al., 2019 [21]

Teachers from CCC (n = 207) in a Southern state in the USA

Paper survey of CCC teachers.

- Depression (RAND Health)

- Job-related stress (CCW-JSI)

Ling, 2018 [22]

HS teachers (n = 80) in Michigan

Web-based survey sent to each HS center supervisor to distribute to all HS teachers.

- Physical Activity (IPAQ)

- Depression (RAND Health)

- Diet

- Quality of Life (SF-36)

- Self-reported height and weight

Linnan et al., 2017 [23]

Teachers and administrators from CCC (n = 674) in North Carolina

Web-based and paper surveys of 118 administrators and 556 staff from 74 CCCs in North Carolina.

- Health behaviors (CHART)

- Dietary Intake (Dietary Screener Questionnaire and the Diet History Questionnaire)

- Tobacco and E-Cigarette (BRFSS)

- Sleep (PSQI)

- Depression (CES-D)

- Measured height, weight, waist circumference, heart rate, and blood pressure

- Physical activity (1 week of accelerometer monitoring using a GT3X ActiGraph monitor)

Magerko, 2016 [24]

FCC providers (n = 165 for survey) in Illinois

Survey of FCC providers.

- Weight status (BRFSS) for BMI

- Perceived stress (PSS-14)

- Smoking (WHO)

- Nutrition (BRFSS)

- Physical activity (GPAQ)

- Life satisfaction (BRFSS)

- Sleep (BRFSS)

- Chronic diseases (BRFSS)

- Depression (CES-D 20)

Magerko, 2016 [24]

FCC providers (n = 67 for measurements) in Illinois

Survey and measurements of FCC providers.

- Measured height and weight

- Body composition

- Measured blood pressure

- Measured blood cholesterol

- Dietary intake (24-h recall)

- Physical activity (n = 28 providers; accelerometer)

- Health behaviors (BRFSS)

Ota et al., 2013 [25]

Child care providers from both CCC and FCC homes (n = 39) in Utah

Survey of primary and secondary caregivers from 11 family home providers, 18 family group providers, and 10 CCC providers.

- Stress (PSI-SF)

Roberts et al., 2017 [26]

Teachers from CCC (n = 1640) in one Midwestern state in the USA

Paper surveys of educators within 1063 schools or centers.

- Work related stress (CCW-JSI)

- Depression (CESD-10)

- Health Insurance

Sandilos et al., 2015 [27]

Teachers from both CCC and HS (n = 59) in Northeastern and Southeastern USA

Paper survey of teachers from HS and preschool centers serving children who receive free or reduced lunch.

- Depression/Emotional Health (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale)

- Stress (Job Control portion of CCW-JSI)

Sharma et al., 2013 [28]

HS Teachers and teachers’ aides (n = 213) in Texas

Paper survey of HS teaching staff (i.e., teachers and teachers’ aides).

- Dietary behavior (semi-quantitative food recall questionnaire)

- Self-report height and weight

Snyder and Hill, 2018 [29]

HS teachers and other staff (n = 312) in Ohio

Web-based survey of teaching, family support, health, administrative, and support staff of the HS agency.

- Stress (PSS-4)

- Mindfulness (MAAS)

- Mental Health (NHANES and BRFSS)

- Chronic conditions (NHANES)

- Smoking (BRFSS)

- General Health Status (BRFSS)

Song et al., 2016 [30]

HS teachers and other staff who were aged 18 years or older

(n = 307) in Michigan

Web-based survey of teachers and other staff from 17 Michigan Migrant and Seasonal HS centers.

- Self-reported height and weight

- Food security (US household food security survey module)

Swindle et al., 2018 [31]

Early childhood educators (n = 307) in Arkansas

Survey completed on location or at a conference for ECE providers.

- Dietary intake (FMI)

- Food insecurity (Household Food Security Survey)

Tovar et al., 2017 [32]

FCC providers (n = 166) in North Carolina

Paper surveys completed by providers at on-site visits.

- Physical activity (BRFSS)

- Dietary intake (Brief Block Food Frequency Questionnaire)

- Sleep (Medical Outcomes Study sleep scale)

- Stress (Perceived Stress Scale)

- Measured height and weight

Ward et al., 2018 [9]

CCC directors and participating staff (n = 553) in North Carolina

A combination of an objective physical activity measure, physical measurements, web-based and paper-based surveys, and an environmental assessment.

- Health behaviors (CHART)

- Smoking (BRFSS)

- Physical activity (7 days of accelerometer wear)

- Dietary intake (Dietary Screener Questionnaire and the Diet History Questionnaire)

- Sleep (Society for Behavioral Medicine’s Common Data Elements and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index)

- Depression (CESD)

Whitaker et al., 2013 [33]

Female HS staff (n = 2122) in Pennsylvania

Web-based survey of female HS program directors, managers, classroom teachers, home-based visitors, and family service workers. Staff from 66 Pennsylvania HS programs.

- Depression (CES-D)

- Chronic disease diagnoses (BRFSS, NHIS)

- Health-related quality of life (NHIS and BRFSS)

Whitaker et al., 2015 [34]

HS Teachers and assistant teachers (n = 1001) in Pennsylvania

Web-based survey of teachers and assistant teachers from 37 HS programs in Pennsylvania.

- Depression (CES-D)

- Financial well-being

Witherell, 2013 [35]

CCC employees (n = 101) in Michigan

Paper survey of CCC head or lead teachers, group leaders, assistant teachers, and aides.

- Depression (CES-D; BSI)

  1. FCC family child care, CCC child care centers, HS Head Start