UNDESA. World economic and social survey 2007: Development in an ageing world. United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs; 2007.
Google Scholar
Sikken, B, Davis, N, Hayashi, C, and Olkkonen, H. The future of pensions and healthcare in a rapidly ageing world. Geneva: World Economic Forum; 2009.
Google Scholar
United Nations. World population prospects: The 2008 revision population database. United Nations Population Division; 2010.
Google Scholar
Diez Roux AV. Multilevel analysis in public health research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000;21:171–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diez Roux AV. The examination of neighborhood effects on health: Conceptual and methodological issues related to the presence of multiple levels of organization. In: Berkman L, editor. Neighborhoods and health. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 45–64.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Bowling A, Stafford M. How do objective and subjective assessments of neighbourhood influence social and physical functioning in older age? Findings from a British survey of ageing. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64:2533–49.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
UNFPA. State of the world population 2007: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. New York, (NY): United Nations Population Fund; 2007.
Book
Google Scholar
McLeod JD, Kessler RC. Socio-economic status differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. J Health Soc Behav. 1990;31:162–72.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ross CE, Mirowsky J. Neighbourhood disadvantage, disorder, and health. J Health Soc Behav. 2001;42:258–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schulz AJ, Israel BA, Zenk SN Parker EA, Lichtenstein R, Shellman-Weir S, et al. Psychosocial stress and social support as mediators of relationships between income, length of residence and depressive symptoms among African American women on Detroit’s eastside. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:510–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 1997;277:918–24. 1997.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Gannon-Rowley T. Assessing “neighborhood effects”: Social processes and new directions in research. Ann Rev Soc. 2002;28:443–78.
Article
Google Scholar
Lin N, Ye XL, Ensel WM. Social support and depressed mood: A structural analysis J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:344–59.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ostir GV, Eschbach K, Markides KS, Goodwin JS. Neighbourhood composition and depressive symptoms among older Mexican Americans. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:987–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wheaton B. Stress, personal coping resources, and psychiatric symptoms: An investigation of interactive models. J Health Soc Behav. 1983:24:208–29.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick KM, LaGory M. “Placing” health in an urban sociology: cities as mosaics of risk and protection. City Community. 2003;2:33–46.
Article
Google Scholar
Wheaton B. Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resources. J Health Soc Behav. 1985;26:352–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Booth ML, Owen N, Bauman A, Clavisi O, Leslie E. Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Prev Med. 2000;31:15–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
King AC, Castro C, Wilcox S, Eyler AA, Sallis JF, Brownson RC. Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inactivity among different racial-ethnic groups of U.S. middle-aged and older-aged women. Health Psychol. 2000;19:354–64.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
King WC, Belle SH, Brach JS, Simkin-Silverman LR, Soska T, Kriska AM. Objective measures of neighborhood environment and physical activity in older women. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28:461–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilcox S, Bopp M, Oberrecht L, Kammermann SK, McElmurray CT. Psychosocial and perceived environmental correlates of physical activity in rural and older african american and white women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003;58:329–37.
Article
Google Scholar
Lawton MP, Nahemow L. Ecology and the aging process. In: Eisdorfer C, Nahemow L, editors. The psychology of adult development and aging. Washington (DC): American Psychology Association; 1973. p. 464–88.
Google Scholar
Alley D, Liebig P, Pynoos J, Banerjee T, Choi I. H. Creating elder-friendly communities: Preparations for an aging society. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2007;49:1–18.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keller IM, Kalache A. Promoting healthy aging in cities: The Healthy Cities project in Europe. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 1997;12:287–98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Balfour J L, Kaplan, GA. Neighborhood environment and loss of physical function in older adults: evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155:507–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diez Roux AV, Borrell LN, Haan M, Jackson SA, Schultz R. Neighbourhood environments and mortality in an elderly cohort: results from the cardiovascular health study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:917–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eschbach K, Ostir GV, Patel KV, Markides KS, Goodwin, JS. Neighborhood context and mortality among older Mexican Americans: Is there a barrio advantage? Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1807–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li F, Fisher J, Brownson RC. A multilevel analysis of change in neighborhood walking activity in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2005;13:145–59.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wen M, Christakis NA. Neighborhood effects on posthospitalization mortality: A population-based cohort study of the elderly in Chicago. Health Serv Res. 2005;40:1108–27.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Merkin SS, Roux AV, Coresh J, Fried LF, Jackson SA, Powe NR. Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status and progressive chronic kidney disease in an elderly population: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65:809–21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lang IA, Llewellyn DJ, Langa KM, Wallace RB, Melzer D. Neighbourhood deprivation and incident mobility disability in older adults. Age Ageing. 2008;37:403–10.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jordan KP, Thomas E, Peat G, Wilkie R, Croft P. Social risks for disabling pain in older people: A prospective study of individual and area characteristics. Pain. 2008;137:652–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown SC, Mason CA, Perrino T, Lombard JL, Martinez F, Plater-Zyberk E, et al. Built environment and physical functioning in Hispanic elders: The role of “eyes on the street”. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:1300–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Beard JR, Cerda M, Blaney S, Ahern J, Vlahov D, Galea S. Neighborhood characteristics and change in depressive symptoms among older residents of New York City. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:1308–14.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sheffield KM, Peek MK. Neighborhood context and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans: Results from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:1092–101.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kravdal O. Mortality effects of average education in current and earlier municipality of residence among internal migrants, net of their own education. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69:1484–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wight RG, Cummings JR, Karlamangla AS, Aneshensel CS. Urban neighborhood context and change in depressive symptoms in late life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009;64:247–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Auchincloss AH, Diez Roux AV, Mujahid MS, Shen M, Bertoni AG, Carnethon MR. Neighborhood resources for physical activity and healthy foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Multi-Ethnic study of Atherosclerosis. Arch Int Med. 2009;169:1698–704.
Article
Google Scholar
Li F, Harmer P, Cardinal BJ, Bosworth M, Johnson-Shelton D, Moore JM, et al. Built environment and 1-year change in weight and waist circumference in middle-aged and older adults: Portland Neighborhood Environment and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:401–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li F, Harmer P, Cardinal BJ, Vongjaturapat N. Built environment and changes in blood pressure in middle aged and older adults. Prev Med. 2009;48:237–41.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lee IM, Ewing R, Sesso HD. The built environment and physical activity levels: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:293–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Clarke P, Ailshire JA, Lantz P. Urban built environments and trajectories of mobility disability: Findings from a national sample of community-dwelling American adults (1986–2001). Soc Sci Med. 2009;69:964–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schootman M, Andresen EM, Wolinsky FD, Malmstrom TK, Miller JP, Miller DK. Neighborhood conditions and risk of incident lower-body functional limitations among middle-aged African Americans. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:450–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clark CR, Kawachi I, Ryan L, Ertel K, Fay ME, Berkman LF. Perceived neighborhood safety and incident mobility disability among elders: The hazards of poverty. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:162.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Oakes JM. The (mis)estimation of neighborhood effects: Causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:1929–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leslie E. Cerin E. Are perceptions of the local environment related to neighbourhood satisfaction and mental health in adults? Prev Med. 2008;47:273–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Michael Y, Beard T, Choi D, Farquhar S, Carlson N. Measuring the influence of built neighborhood environments on walking in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2006;14:302–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yen IH, Michael YL, Perdue L. Neighborhood environment in studies of health of older adults: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:455–63.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Saelens BE, Handy SL. Built environment correlates of walking: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:S550–66.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mair C, Diez Roux A, Galea S. Are Neighborhood characteristics associated with depressive symptoms? A review of evidence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:940–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berke EM, Gottlieb LM, Moudon AV, Larson EB. Protective association between neighborhood walkability and depression in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:526–33.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aneshensel CS, Wight RG, Miller-Martinez D, Botticello AL, Karlamangla AS, Seeman TE. Urban neighborhoods and depressive symptoms among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62:S52–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kubzansky LD, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Fay ME, Soobader MJ, Berkman LF. Neighborhood contextual influences on depressive symptoms in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:253–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berke EM, Koepsell TD, Moudon AV, Hoskins RE, Larson EB. Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older persons. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:486–92.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hillsdon M, Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Morris JN. Physical activity in older women: Associations with area deprivation and with socioeconomic position over the life course: Observations in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:344–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fuentes M, Hart-Johnson T, Green CR. The association among neighborhood socioeconomic status, race and chronic pain in black and white older adults. J Natl Med Assoc. 2007;99:1160–9.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lang IA, Gibbs SJ, Steel N, Melzer D. Neighbourhood deprivation and dental service use: A cross-sectional analysis of older people in England. J Public Health. 2008;30:472–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lang IA, Llewellyn DJ, Langa KM, Wallace RB, Huppert FA, Melzer D. Neighborhood deprivation, individual socioeconomic status, and cognitive function in older people: Analyses from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:191–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wight RG, Aneshensel CS, Miller-Martinez D, Botticello A. L, Cummings JR, Karlamangla AS, Seeman TE. Urban neighborhood context, educational attainment, and cognitive function among older adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:1071–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nordstrom CK, Diez Roux AV, Jackson SA, Gardin JM. The association of personal and neighborhood socioeconomic indicators with subclinical cardiovascular disease in an elderly cohort. The cardiovascular health study. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59:2139–47.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schieman S, Pearlin LI, Meersman SC. Neighborhood disadvantage and anger among older adults: Social comparisons as effect modifiers. J Health Soc Behav. 2006;47:156–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wight RG, Cummings JR, Miller-Martinez D, Karlamangla AS, Seeman TE, Aneshensel CS. A multilevel analysis of urban neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and health in late life. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66:862–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cagney KA, Browning CR, Wen M. Racial disparities in self-rated health at older ages: What difference does the neighborhood make? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60:S181–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Subramanian SV, Kubzansky L, Berkman L, Fay M, Kawachi I. Neighborhood effects on the self-rated health of elders: Uncovering the relative importance of structural and service-related neighborhood environments. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61:S153–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robert SA Ruel E. Racial segregation and health disparities between Black and White older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61:S203–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patel KV, Eschbach K, Rudkin LL, Peek MK, Markides KS. Neighborhood context and self-rated health in older Mexican Americans. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13:620–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Breeze E, Jones DA, Wilkinson P, Bulpitt CJ, Grundy C, Latif AM, Fletcher AE. Area deprivation, social class, and quality of life among people aged 75 years and over in Britain. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:276–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Freedman VA, Grafova IB, Schoeni RF, Rogowski J. Neighborhoods and disability in later life. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66:2253–67.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Beard JR, Blaney S, Cerda M, Frye V, Lovasi GS, Ompad D, et al. Neighborhood characteristics and disability in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009;64:252–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clarke P, George LK. The role of the built environment in the disablement process. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:1933–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schmitz N, Nitka D, Gariepy G, Malla A, Wang J, Boyer R, et al. Association between neighborhood-level deprivation and disability in a community sample of people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1998–2004.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pikhartova J, Chandola T, Kubinova R, Bobak M, Nicholson A, Pikhart H. Neighbourhood socioeconomic indicators and depressive symptoms in the Czech Republic: A population based study. Int J Public Health. 2009;54:283–93.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hybels CF, Blazer DG, Pieper CF., Burchett BM, Hays JC, Fillenbaum GG, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics of the neighborhood and depressive symptoms in older adults: Using multilevel modeling in geriatric psychiatry. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:498–506.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walters K, Breeze E, Wilkinson P, Price GM, Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher A. Local area deprivation and urban-rural differences in anxiety and depression among people older than 75 years in Britain. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1768–74.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wen M, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Objective and perceived neighborhood environment, individual SES and psychosocial factors, and self-rated health: An analysis of older adults in Cook County, Illinois. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:2575–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Winkleby M, Cubbin C, Ahn D. Effect of cross-level interaction between individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status on adult mortality rates. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:2145–53.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Augustin T, Glass TA, James BD, Schwartz BS. Neighborhood psychosocial hazards and cardiovascular disease: The Baltimore Memory Study. Am J Public Health 2008;98;1664–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li F, Harmer PA, Cardinal BJ, Bosworth M, Acock A, Johnson-Shelton D, Moore JM. Built environment, adiposity, and physical activity in adults aged 50–75. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:38–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li F, Fisher KJ, Brownson RC, Bosworth M. Multilevel modelling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:558–64.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Booth ML, Owen N, Bauman A, Clavisi O, Leslie E. Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Prev Med. 2000;31:15–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mendes de Leon CF, Cagney KA, Bienias JL, Barnes LL, Skarupski KA, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Neighborhood social cohesion and disorder in relation to walking in community-dwelling older adults: A multilevel analysis. J Aging Health. 2009;21:155–71.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fisher KJ, Li F, Michael Y, Cleveland M. Neighborhood-level influences on physical activity among older adults: A multilevel analysis. J Aging Phys Act. 2004;12:45–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gauvin L, Riva M, Barnett T, Richard L, Craig CL, Spivock M, et al. Association between neighborhood active living potential and walking. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167;944–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grafova IB, Freedman VA, Kumar R, Rogowski J. Neighborhoods and obesity in later life.[Erratum appears in Am J Public Health. 2009;99:392]. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:2065–71.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jaffe DH, Eisenbach Z, YD, Manor O. Does living in a religiously affiliated neighborhood lower mortality? Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:804–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nagel CL, Carlson NE, Bosworth M, Michael YL. The relation between neighborhood built environment and walking activity among older adults. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:461–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Balfour JL, Kaplan GA. Neighborhood environment and loss of physical function in older adults: Evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:507–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
A Blueprint for Action: Developing Livable Communities for All Ages. Partners for Livable Communities (Partners) and the National Association of Area Agencies on Aging. 2010.
Partners for Livable Communities. Aging in Place Technical Assistance Guide. Washington, (DC): Partners for Livable Communities; 2007.
Kochera A, Straight A, Guterbok, T. Beyond 50.05: A report to the nation on Livable Communities Creating Environments for Successful Aging. 2010. Washington (DC): AARP.
Google Scholar
National Council on Disability. Livable Communities for Adults with Disabilities. Washington (DC): National Council on Disability; 2004.
The AdvantAGE Initiative. 2010. Available from URL: http://www.vnsny.org/advantage/ (Accessed 5 April 2011).
Austin C, Flux D, Ghali L, Hartley D, Holinda D, McClelland R, et al. A place to call home: Final report of the Elder Friendly Communities Project. City of Calgary (Canada): 2001.
Google Scholar
Valuing Older People. Manchester (UK): Manchester City Council; 2010.
ACT Strategic Plan for Positive Ageing 2010–2014: Towards an Age-Friendly City. Canberra (Australia): ACT Government; 2010.
Healthy cities and urban governance. 2010.
WHO. WHO Age-Friendly Environments Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
Google Scholar