Table 1 Ten essential public health operations (EPHOs)

1. Surveillance of population health and well-being

2. Monitoring and response to health hazards and emergencies

3. Health protection including environmental, occupational, food safety and others

4. Health promotion including action to address social determinants and health inequity

5. Disease prevention, including early detection of illness

6. Assuring governance for health and well-being

7. Assuring a sufficient and competent public health workforce

8. Assuring sustainable organizational structures and financing

9. Advocacy, communication, and social mobilization for health

10. Advancing public health research to inform policy and practice