Table 3 Study characteristics
Characteristic | References |
Setting | |
 Intensive care unit (ICU) | Fox; Erasmus; Huis; Boyce |
 Medical unit | Stock; Huis |
 Surgical unit | Erasmus; Huis |
 Mixed medical-surgical unit | Stock; Harne-Britner; Boyce; Stella |
 Paediatric unit | Huis |
 Progressive care/step-down unit | Boyce; Stella |
Sample type (HCWs) | |
 Nurses only | Erasmus; Fox; Stock; Huis; Boyce |
 Nurses and nursing assistants | Harne-Britner; Stella |
Sample size (HCWs) | |
< 20 | Erasmus |
 20–40 | --- |
 41–60 | Stock |
 > 60 | Harne-Britner; Huis; Stella |
 Unknown | Fox; Boyce |
Sample size (observations) | |
 < 100 |  |
 100–500 | Erasmus; Harne-Britner |
 501–1500 | Stock |
 1501–2500 | --- |
 2501–5000 | --- |
 > 5000 | Huis; Boyce; Stella |
 Unknown | Fox |
Behavioural frameworks, theories, and approaches | |
 Behaviourist Theory | Harne-Britner |
 Change Theory | Harne-Britner |
 Field Theory | Harne-Britner |
 Health Action Process Approach | Erasmus |
 Social Cognitive Theory | Harne-Britner; Huis |
 Social Norms (Behavioural Economics) | Stella |
 Toyota Kata | Boyce |
 Not listed | Fox, Stock |
Study design | |
 Before-after | Stock; Fox; Erasmus |
 Case-control | Harne-Britner |
 Cluster randomized control | Huis |
 Quasi-experimental w/ interrupted time series | Boyce; Stella |
Assessment of compliance | |
 Direct observation | Stock; Fox; Erasmus; Harne-Britner; Huis |
 Electronic monitoring system | Boyce; Stella |
Length of Study | |
> 6 months | --- |
 6 months | Erasmus; Stella |
 12 months | --- |
 14 months | Huis |
 15 months | Fox |
 16 months | Stock |
 > 2 years | Boyce |
Country | |
 Europe | Stock; Erasmus; Huis |
 North America | Fox; Harne-Britner; Boyce; Stella |
Assigned methodological quality score | |
 6 | Erasmus; Harne-Britner; Boyce; Stella |
 7 | Fox; Huis; Stock |